How Independent Are “Independent” Effects? Relative Risk Estimation When Correlated Exposures Are Measured Imprecisely

Food Taxes: How Likely Are Likely Effects?

When Are Quantum Systems Operationally Independent?

We propose some formulations of the notion of “operational independence” of two subsystems S1, S2 of a larger quantum system S and clarify their relation to other independence concepts in the literature. In addition, we indicate why the operational independence of quantum subsystems holds quite generally, both in nonrelativistic and relativistic quantum theory.

How Many Independent Bets Are There?

We discuss a robust alternative to the ex-post decomposition of a portfolio into the fundamental law co-efficients using statistically estimated breadth. The breadth of a market provides a measure of the number of independent bets available to the investor. We use the Keiser-Gutman stopping criterion to select the integer valued effective dimension eigenvalues greater-than or equal to 1. Such a...

Estimation of mating system parameters when outcrossing events are correlated.

Many plant species have mating systems characterized by a mixture of self-fertilization and outcrossing. Statistical estimation of the outcrossing rate has relied on a model of the mating process that assumes that successive outcross events within a family arise from independent draws of pollen from the total population of male plants. Although this assumption is likely to be most appropriate f...

How to Pretend That Correlated Variables Are Independent by Using Difference Observations

In many areas of data modeling, observations at different locations (e.g.,time frames or pixel locations) are augmented by differences of nea r by observations (e.g., delta features in speech recognition, Gabor jets in image analysis). These augmented observations are then often modeled as being independent. How can this make sense?We provide two interpretations,showing (1) that the likelihood ...